Operations Management Assignment in Ritz Carlton Hotels Essay

Tasks Management Assignment in Ritz Carlton Hotels - Essay Example Ritz Carlton thinks about that the stealthy to effective quality administration remains to utilize proficient staff which perceives the guests’ prerequisites and gives them quickly (Case Study, p. 301). In the accommodation or administration care industry, quality is viewed as the outrageous criticalness yet unfortunately up to now the spotlight has simply been on arrangement lead staff to ensure visitor fulfillment (Class Note 1 ppt, Slide 17). In the event that a client lives at the inn, his assessment of value is depicts by the unwavering quality, announcement and empathy. Ritz Carlton has arranged this appearing to be quality as its primary objective and furthermore for accomplishing it weights on consistency, veracity just as practicality. All these three factors on the whole lead to more prominent degree of consumer loyalty (Case Study, p. 302). At the point when these administration customaries have been settled the following step is to decide the estimation techniques for observing how well these customaries are being figured it out. The most significant issues looked by the administrations and cordiality industry in regard to actualizing TQM are recognizing estimations just as procedure improvement strategies that create quantifiable information (Class Note 2 ppt, Slide 6). Essentially, some estimation techniques have recently been embraced by various inns, for example, Ritz Carlton. Different trend setting innovations are being utilized so as to get most extreme focal points or advantages by utilizing diverse robotized working just as security frameworks to various sorts of an automated reservation framework. In this unique situation, the Ritz Carlton has thought of more noteworthy easy to understand apparatuses and components so as to improve the current degree of consumer loyalty (Case Study, p. 302).1The inn industry is relied upon to get a more significant level of value improvement even without utilizing distinctive modern measurable devices and procedures which are commonly used by the creation and assembling ventures. Ritz Carlton, in the wake of accomplishing the â€Å"Baldridge award†, the association hasâ decided to bring down the process duration. This is the time burglary between perceiving the need of the client and fulfilling that need.â

Assess the argument that a new era of automation is leading to higher Term Paper

Evaluate the contention that another period of mechanization is prompting higher imbalance and undermining the social request - Term Paper Example By the by, the way that innovation has additionally brought about the loss of occupations and cutback of certain representatives over the span of making effectiveness inside associations is likewise a reality that can't be denied. The significant trouble subsequently emerges in the endeavor to adjust the positive effects and the negative effects of innovation on monetary advancement, work and the ensuing social change. In this manner, while the advocates of the contention that mechanical robotization is probably going to make higher joblessness going ahead are pitching their contention on the negative impacts that innovation has made truly, the rivals of this contention counter it with pointing at the beneficial outcomes of business creation emerging from innovative mechanization. In general, there is no single industry in the worldwide economy that has not felt the effects of mechanical changes that have made mechanization and supplanted manual procedures. The distinction radiates from the way that; while innovative mechanization has well influenced certain businesses, it has influenced different ventures negatively (EMSI, n.p.). Along these lines, regardless of whether mechanical computerization increments or diminishes joblessness, is all reliant on which industry is influenced. For instance, an investigation attempted by the Economic Modeling Specialists International (EMSI) to evaluate the effect of mechanization on work misfortunes in various enterprises showed that the travel industry in the USA has lost 24% of its positions by laying-off 38,000 laborers somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2014 (EMSI, n.p.). Be that as it may, the web showcasing industry made 99,000 new openings between a similar multi year time frame running somewhere in the range of 20 02 and 2014 (EMSI, n.p.). The expansion or decline in business majorly affects the social correspondence or imbalance inside the general public, individually. By and by, it very well may be handily reasoned that another period

The Minutes Pass :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Minutes Pass I sit at a round work area for eight hours eight bucks an hour and doodle. The telephone rings more than once at regular intervals (if I’m fortunate, that is) and the number of inhabitants in individuals more than 50 appears to ascend continuously. I sit with my legs crossed, shoe less, wearing â€Å"work† shoes and my â€Å"work† grin. I appreciate the organization I end up in, regardless of whether it is a decent book and a pleasant idea of myself at the sea shore. So I play tunes in my mind, sing melodies of wonder faintly, even nibble on wafers when my stomach protests. At the present time I’ve got â€Å"Riders on the Storm† cooperating in my mind Riders on the tempest riders on the tempest Into this world we’re naturally introduced to this world we’re toss It’s kinda entertaining, seeing as how among the gigantic tune documents the Doors have recorded, I as a rule locate this one to intrigue me the least, however consistently hear it up on the radio, exaggerated in time. I mean don’t misunderstand me - extraordinary tune, superior to most - yet to the extent the Doors go, I discover the melody rather ordinary. It has gotten acknowledged by the general population, simply in light of the fact that it’s excessively far out of handle for customary individuals to really decide its actual and consistent importance. Obviously, they’re all unmindful of this. Just evident Americans, and possibly a few Europeans, can reach a type of resolution inside themselves about reality in things of little significance. Europeans I state, since they live inside their way of life, see the past and their history. Most Americans then again, embrace the here and now, see just BIG and eat at McDonald’s. I state â€Å"Americans† in light of the fact that we’re the home of the free, the home of the daring, such great stuff. Each and every other nation admires us for some explanation †we are the Mother nation. Just it takes a genuine American to really remark on the realities that truly become an integral factor while living in an undeniable society. I mean children are as yet eager, family units are upset, yet there’s a working world out there for all of us. Employments ought to be out there, and I figure they might be.

Beyond Cultural Identity Reflections on Multiculturalism - Free Essay Example

In order to understand what this paper is all about, it is very important to know what Multicultural conceptualization is about. Therefore, according to Constantine Ladany (2000), describes multicultural conceptualization as the extent to which therapists/ psychologist identifies and integrate cultural factors into conceptualizations of the etiology and treatment of a clients presenting concerns. Thus, the film I choose for this paper is Jodhaa Akbar. The reason I choose to write my final paper on this film is because its a cultural identity am unfamiliar with and would like to explore. Furthermore, Jodhaa Akbar is a sixteenth century marriage of alliance that gave birth to true love between the greatest Muslim Mughal Emperor that ruled Hindustan, Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar and the young Hindu Rajput princess Jodhaa. As a matter of fact, this marriage alliance had to take place because the Mughal empire plans to attack Amer. Hence, King Bharmal (father of the princess) resentfully makes a peace offering and a proposal to strengthen relations by his daughters marriage to the emperor himself to avoid war. Akbar agrees to the marriage as it will be a strong alliance and long-lasting peace between the empire and Rajputs. On the other hand, Jodhaa the daughter of King Bharmal of Amer, was already betrothed to another Rajput king and her dowry was her fathers crown, which will be passed to that Rajput king, after his death. However, Jodhaa completely resented all she wants is to marry the Rajput king, she was betrothed to previously. Correspondingly, the character of interest in this film is Jodhaa. She is a warrior princess, brave, bold, courageous, loyal to her community, and intelligent. Although this may be true, about Jodhaa nevertheless, the context of her life is as follows: she is a young Hindu lady experiencing fear, anxiety, misery, angry, depressed, shame, resentment, and moodiness. However, there are three concepts I will be discussing as a result of this context and the concepts are; Ethnocentrism, Islamophobia, and Racism. Islamophobia Islamophobia is a religion-based prejudice that appears to represent a linear development. It can also be seen as an individuals fear related attitudes towards Muslims and the religion of Islam. Furthermore, Islamophobia is the rejection of and discrimination against Muslims. Nevertheless, being racist does not necessarily mean being Islamophobic; just as being Islamophobic does not necessarily imply being racist (Fernando 2009). Equally important, the fear of Islam is based on the negative emotion of fear. For instance; Jodhaa was so afraid of this new culture shes about to embark on because the beliefs, practices, norms, lifestyle of the Muslims are so different from that of the Hindus. Thus, she writes a letter to Sujamal, her cousin, pleading for him to come and rescue her from the marriage. Lee et al., (2009) states that Islamophobia is the fear of Muslims and the Islamic faith. In addition, the journal article titled Fear of Muslims, it shows us that there are two factors that correspond to the component of the fear system and these are cognitive Islamophobia which represents the cognitive appraisal domain of the fear system. Under this factor, Muslims and Islam are evaluated as threats to ones safety and well-being. For example, in the film Jodhaa Akbar, the Muslim Mughal empire was constantly going into battle with other surrounding cities because they want to be in power and take control of the nation. Also, in the film, it is seen that any city that wont surrender to the Muslim Mughal empire will be attacked, but the only people they dont attack were the cities who surrender under their leadership example: the Amer kingdom. Despite, the submission under the Muslim Mughal leadership they never treated the Hindus community well, they increased taxes on the food items and charge tax pilgrimage on them. In like manner, the other factor affective-behavioral Islamophobia represents the response domain of the fear system that is associated with the avoidance of potential dangers. Hence, its emotional discomfort and avoidance-oriented behaviors lead to withdrawal-oriented activity. For instance, in the film Jodhaa Akbar, Jodhaa fears and lack of trust made her not to accept Akbar wholeheartedly. She was so resentful of him, she would not let him touch her, have any intimacy, and no emotional affection towards him. Moreover, this concept of Islamophobia impacted the character Jodhaa negatively. It affected every area of her life socially she was not able to mingle around freely except with her maids and only those assigned to her, emotionally she felt withdrawn and reserved, psychologically she was depressed and filled with misery that the mom had to give her a vial poison to take and kill herself instead of her to go through the pain. However, as a clinician the way I will be addressing this issue, especially, from a professional context is to first understand my clients worldview that will give me the clinician an idea of areas that needs exploring. Jun (2010) mentions that understanding the client from his worldview requires the practitioner to understand her own worldview, which is based on her ability to be aware of her own values, beliefs, biases, prejudices, racial identity development, thinking patterns, the impact of systematic privilege/ oppression, and internalized privilege/ oppression on her worldview. Afterwards, I will be incorporating scientific inquiry into clinical inquiry. Jun (2010) states that, one of the ways to become an effective practitioner is to acquire the ability to apply psychological research methodology critique skills to the therapeutic setting. Therefore, as a clinician, I will be using the CBT technique to help address Jodhaa issues such as fear, anxiety, and depression. CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that integrates behavioral and cognitive principles, and research with behavioral therapy. Additionally, the main focus of CBT is to replace negative and unproductive thought patterns with more realistic and useful one. Moreover, my client Jodhaa has a strong religious background so the specific therapy I will use is the RCBT and the method will be the ABCDE steps of Albert Ellis (1962). A is activating; understanding what situation occurred around the time of the negative emotions. B is beliefs; understanding the thoughts that went through the clients mind. C is consequences; understanding the clients emotional and behavioral attitudes. D is disputing; identifying and challenging those unhelpful thinking styles involved in their thought process. E is executing; here the need to use clients religious beliefs and practices as a resource to help confront and change dysfunctional beliefs such as making Jodhaa see that Islam is there to protect and care for their women as jewel and there is nothing to be afraid of. Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is such that develops racial and religious differences where individuals believe that they are better than other individuals for reasons based on their heritage. Thus, hierarchical and dichotomous thinking are the basis for ethnocentrism and ethnocentric biases (Jun 2010). In addition, according to the Very well mind article titled Looking at how cultural differences influence human behavior, Kendra Cherry defined Ethnocentrism as a tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures.

Responsibilities and rights of employees and employers Essay

1. Know the statutory responsibilities and rights of employees and employers within own area of work. 1.1 List the aspects of employment covered by law The law in UK covers the following aspects: Minimum wage, Hours worked, Discrimination, Health and safety, Holiday entitlements, Redundancy and dismissal, Training, Disciplinary procedures, Union rights and consultation, among many others. Labour law covers the deal between employee and employer, Health and safety cover the work conditions, and minimum wage and other law set basic compensation levels. Within our area of work we also have the Disability Act, Manual Handling Operations and Regulations, Data Protection Act, The Medicine Act, General Social Care Council code 2001,†¦show more content†¦2.3 Describe the procedures to follow in event of a grievance If I have grievance relating to my employment, I should attempt to resolve this informally by speaking with your line manager. If, however, I fail to get a satisfactory resolution within a period of 5 days of speaking with my manager of if my grievance is about my manager and I do not wish to discuss it with him or her, the Company has a formal grievance procedure. If I have a complaint, which cannot be resolved, it is essential that I use this procedure in all circumstances. 2.4. Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employer Employees personal data should be kept safe, secure and up to date by an employer. Data an employer can keep about an employee includes name, address, date of birth, sex, education and qualifications, work experience, National Insurance number, tax code, details of any known disability, emergency contact details. They will also keep details about an employee such as: employment history with the organisation, employment terms and conditions (pay, hours of work, holidays, benefits, and absence), any accidents connected with work, any training taken, and any disciplinary action. Each types of personal information must beShow MoreRelatedbusiness organisation has adapted its working arrangements to accommodate legislation relating to rights and responsibilities of employees and employers.1198 Words   |  5 Pagesaccommodate legislation relating to rights and responsibilities of employees and employers. INTRODUCTION Minimum wage, flexible working provision, disability provisions and holiday entitlement are procedures which are taken into consideration with legislation to rights and responsibility. I am going to evaluate these two and state what NHS did in relation to these right and responsibilities laws. 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Relationship Combined Service Recommendation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Combined Service Recommendation. Answer: Introduction BidTaxi is one of the new platforms created with the help of the modern-day technology for the travelers for better travelling experience in a cab. BidTaxi which is a new taxi hailing service uses the technique of bidding of customers by the cab drivers, instead of the normal approach of having a fixed price set by the cab hailing organizations. The process of the working goes by, the best bid by the cab drivers is given the priority and gets selected. This paper briefly discusses about the business operation of BidTaxi cab haling service. This discourse will also bring in light about the benefits that are provided by the BidTaxi organization to their customers that is the cab drivers as well the riders. The unique method that the organization has choose separates them from the other taxi service providing platforms (Wong et al., 2014). The Ministry of transportation concerns with the civil transport, rail transport, road safety and other transportation systems of the country. This p aper enricher the goods of the bid taxi to the ministry of the transportation for convincing them for the approval. BidTaxi organization, which is one of the most unique cab service provider organization in Australia came up with an entirely new concept of business, in terms of providing taxi hailing services. The organization has already got global recognition due to their unique idea and easy approach of the platform used by customers. The service is easily accessible to the customers using the mobile technologies like the android and the iPhone, and in case the customer is unable to use the mobile technology can easily access the website developed by the organization. The idea which is developed by the organization is one of kind using the modern-day technologies. The organization had moved on from the old and fixed idea of having a fix price for the distance, where the fares are decided by the organization. Rather the organization uses the technique of bidding, that is when a customer is tries to book a cab, the cab drivers in the nearest fixed location gets the option for bidding for the pass enger and the bidding which gets best fit wins the bidding and approved (Rizan, Fadillah RP 2015). Once the customer starts the process, in the background the servers starts notifying the available drivers about every detail of the customer that is from where the customer is to be picked up, till where the customer will go and how many passengers are getting booked. The drivers check the requirements and accepts the booking, and now the drivers get the windows for starting the bidding process. In the bidding process, the driver analyses the requirements and sets a price accordingly (Raines et al., 2015). The cost of the ride is not only based on the distance and number of the passengers riding but may be subject to condition of the car, services provided in the car (like AC) and other comforts. In some cases, if only one cab is available for bidding, the bid placed by the driver gets confirmed if no other driver intervenes (Wang Cheu, 2013). The time efficiency of the service is j udged by the distance the driver is at from the pickup location. After choosing the taxi driver the particular driver is sent a message of confirmation and the taxi service is booked by the client. In order to achieve the desired goals which are set which are set by the organization in order ro gain maximum success. These sets of the rules are as follows. Drivers, who are enthusiastic to be a part of the BidTaxi organization, needs to get proper certification from the organization. Before the driver joins the driver has to pass some tests provided by the organizations driver needs to pass the minimum score set by the organization. There are several types of drills that the driver needs to follow (Dyer, 2017). After the completion of all the drills provided, the chauffeurs are gauged considering the time taken to complete the trainings and the slipups committed during the test process. After the process of the test, the drivers are further trained by the organization. The training process includes some basic driving skills enhancements and technique to use the application as a driver, that is how to bid, when to bid and other such functions (Benz Sumares, 2015). This process of hiring certified drivers is to make sure that the passengers who are using the bid taxi platform get the most secured drivers and there is minimum number of an y cases of accidents. The credit score that the driver earns during the test process and the training process, are present in the portal of the chauffeur through which they apply for the bid (Xie, Nie Liu, 2017). Customers accepting the bid can check the score of the driver in order to stay confident regarding the quality of service they are to receive. Insurance and road worthiness of the vehicle The organizations check for proper paper works of the car and the driver before launching the vehicle for the customers. The papers that are checked is the purchasing certificate of the car, the insurance of the vehicle the drivers license, the pollution of the car and other such papers. This is done in order to avoid any kind of legal controversies during the service period of the driver and the car (Tay Choi, 2016). Any kind of legal controversies during the service period affects the goodwill of the taxi driver as well as the platform that is providing support to the uninsured vehicle. The Bid taxi organization also checks the road worthiness of the vehicle before launching it in the platform. The roadworthiness of the vehicle is put under scrutiny by the organization (Bush, et al 2015). The vehicle is going to be used by the drivers are tested in various conditions, for example the off-road conditions, congested areas, sharp turns in order to check the availability of the braking system, engine system and other (Binion, et al 2015). On passing all the conditions in satisfactory terms the road worthiness of the vehicle is proved and the vehicle is hired. The organization also has a very effective ratings system. This is one of the best techniques to review any passenger or any driver (Khuong Dai, 2016). BidTaxi started using the policy of the customer rating the chauffeur and the chauffeur rating the customer. This mutual rating acts as the benefits for both the driver and the client. The entire system of the rating is anonymous, that is the drivers cannot see which customer gave what rating and the customers cannot see which driver gives what rating. The drivers as well as the customer can see the overall rating provided (Gany et al.,2015). The entire rating can only be seen by the management authorities. This process is to make sure that no one after the cab gets booked does any misbehave mutually. This also enhances the security of the customer. with increase in the rating of the driver the driver gets climb in position among the equivalent drivers and quantity of chances for doing a bid also increases, also the chances of gettin g selected by the client increases proportionally (Kong, et al 2017). There is a target benchmark of the rating system and on meeting the target fixed by the organization the drivers are gifted with extra bonus. The rating of the customers does not have any benchmark but only for the drivers to know how well the customer is. If the rating of the customer is low in 5 to 6 rides consecutively, the chances of getting a cab decreases. IF the rating is also low consecutively there are less chances for the driver to do a bid (Benz Sumares, 2015). One of the major technique developed by the organization in this process is that if the customer and the driver both has a low-ranking score, they get merged up in the in a ride. It may happen that a customer needs to use this unique platform but does not have any smartphone or it may also happen that the customer is not having credit or debit card to pay. The bid taxi has introduced many features for these types of the customers. If the customer is not having any smartphone can book cab using the website of the platform which is similar to smartphone application (Balafoutas et al., 2013). Also, in case no credit card can use the Osko or purchase gift cards from any bid taxi authorized supermarkets. And these cards can be recharged from any nearest bid taxi office. The bonus points in the Osko cards are also high as compared to the other methods of the payment system. The bonus points are achieved by the drivers can be used in future by the drivers as gift cards provided by the drivers (Yuan et al., 2013). The tips that the customer gives to the drivers can be used for donations in the charity. The points of the customers can be uses a discount coupon in the future rides of the customer. Suggestions for the Bid taxi organisation. The organization is one of the well-established company and the norms are also much advanced, but there is always some way for the betterment or improvement in the systems. One of the strategy which may increase the fame of the organization is complain generating system. This can help the drivers as well as the customers in terms of safety. The customer may complain about the things like the loss of any item, misbehave by the driver or the fellow passenger, or in any case of accident. Also, the same can be applicable for the drivers, the drivers can complain about any misbehave by the customers, in case of the road legal issues or any case of theft or mishandling of the car (Zeng Oren, 2014). This can help the customer more confident about the security and safety of both the customers and the drivers. This system needs to merge with the rating system that the one who is rating after the ride is completed can give comment about the ride or any issue in the system. A helpline number c an also be introduced to provide better facility. In case there is no internet connection the customer or the driver can use this phone number for lodging any complain. And further steps would be taken accordingly. One of the other security measure that can be taken, is placing a emery button inside the car. If any one needs any help can use this button to ask for help. Once the button gets triggered, the indicators and the horn of the gets activated and any police or people outside can spot such thing and run for help. One of the other thing the organization can done for the betterment of the business, is to sponsor the driver who are not having any car but is willing to join the service of the bid taxi organization. This may intern increase the profits of the organization. The organization can also hire car from the owners and use them for the platform. This will help the driver to get employment (Chen, Cui Li, 2018). The organization also can merge up with any car making or car selling organization in order to buy cars from that specified center and use them in their platform. This helps the organization by, if the driver for some reason leaves the organization, the car would be left vacant and the organization can hire a new driver and use the car further. Also, this will decrease the cost of car checking process again and again as the car would belong to the organization itself. Conclusion Thus, concluding the topic it can be said that the BidTaxi has started the project with a thought of making it a unique project and has been successful in achieving the target that they had set for themselves. The operation of the project is very much smooth and is very easy to use for both the customers and the drivers. The security services are of high standards as compared to other such platforms. The technique used by the organization grabs the attention of many customers as the prices to travel ha decreased because of the organization. The booking time and the cost is also very low, and the drivers gets desired amount of sum. The demand of the services is getting a increase day by day and would become of the feature business in future. Reference Balafoutas, L., Beck, A., Kerschbamer, R., Sutter, M. (2013). What drives taxi drivers? A field experiment on fraud in a market for credence goods.Review of Economic Studies,80(3), 876-891. Benz, A., Sumares, E. (2015). The Uber Controversy: a Public Choice Perspective. Binion, T., Minter, K. S., Brown-McCreery, H., Harris, M., Myers, J., Fields, B., Harr, J. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/047,256. Chen, Z., Cui, W., Li, X. (2018). Research on Decision-making of Urban Taxi Management Organization. Business Administration and Management, 1(1). Dyer, C. (2017). GP who certified taxi drivers without examining them gets 12 month suspension.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),358. Gany, F., Rau-Murthy, R., Mujawar, I., Prasad, L., Roberts, N. (2015). Increasing influenza vaccination in New York City taxi drivers: A community driven approach.Vaccine,33(22), 2521-2523. Khuong, M. N., Dai, N. Q. (2016). The Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty--A Study of Local Taxi Companies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,7(5), 228. Kong, X., Xia, F., Wang, J., Rahim, A., Das, S. K. (2017). Time-location-relationship combined service recommendation based on taxi trajectory data.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,13(3), 1202-1212. Raines, R. T., Nesson, E. J., Lackey, D. A., Fritts, T., Bush, I. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/682,473. Rizan, M., Fadillah, E., RP, A. K. (2015). INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY AND FARE TOWARD CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPACT ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY OF EXPRESS TAXI IN JAKARTA.JRMSI-Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sains Indonesia,6(2), 618-638. Tay, R., Choi, J. (2016). Factors associated with crashes involving taxi owners and non-owners: A case of moral hazard and adverse selection?.Accident Analysis Prevention,87, 78-82. Wang, H., Cheu, R. (2013). Operations of a taxi fleet for advance reservations using electric vehicles and charging stations.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2352), 1-10. Wong, R. C. P., Szeto, W. Y., Wong, S. C., Yang, H. (2014). Modelling multi-period customer-searching behaviour of taxi drivers.Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics,2(1), 40-59. Xie, J., Nie, Y. M., Liu, X. (2017). Testing the proportionality condition with taxi trajectory data.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,104, 583-601. Yuan, J., Zheng, Y., Xie, X., Sun, G. (2013). T-drive: Enhancing driving directions with taxi drivers' intelligence.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,25(1), 220-232. Zeng, C., Oren, N. (2014, August). Dynamic taxi pricing. In Proceedings of the Twenty-first European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1135-1136). IOS Press.

Romeo and Juliet short summary Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet short summary Paper From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossed lovers takes their life; Whose misadventured piteous over throws Doth with their death bury their parents strife. Romeo and Juliet, a play of death marked love. Yet is the love presented realistic and believable? As important as love is to life and existence, the play is wholly based on love and its many forms. The time in history in which Romeo and Juliet is set, contributes to the play, and creates a realistic situation. Arranged marriages and marrying young plays a strong part in the play. This historical context goes against our modern society making the understanding of the play difficult for a modern audience to comprehend. Family relationships in the play are variable. The relationship between Capulet and lady Capulet is one of leadership, for example; A crutch, a crutch! Why call you for a sword? This question is spoken by lady Capulet and directed towards Capulet. It gives the effect that she has power or leadership over him. But in response Capulet over rules her question, which creates a sense of competition with leadership; My sword I say! Old Montague is come and flourishes his blade in spite of me. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet short summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet short summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet short summary specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To show lady Capulet and Capulets love for each other they agree over Juliets sudden out burst over her arranged marriage to Paris. One occasion in this scene Capulet speaks to lady Capulet; Soft! Take me with you, take me with you, wife. Montague and lady Montague do not compete with each other and their son Romeo. Lady Montague says; thou shalt not stir one foot to seek a foe. She does not want any violence, and shows concern for her husband. Friendship is a strong variant of love in this play; it results in death and many consequences. The strongest impression of friendship is when Romeo avenges Mercutios death. Romeo and Mercutio were good friends. This is shown in their conversations. I thought all for the best. This is when Mercutio was stabbed and Romeo is saying how he tried to stop the fight. Romeo says this quotation as if he feels guilty and is trying to obtain forgiveness. There is a conflict here between love/loyalty to friends/relations and love for each other. Romeo and Juliets love is the most important in the play. When they first see each other they fall in love. From here on they make many references to love and death and a strange sense of tragedy to come. An example of this is after their night together, when Romeo must leave, Juliet says: Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Either my eyesight fails, or thou lookest pale. This means that Juliet suddenly sees Romeo dead meaning a terrible tragedy is waiting to occur. Romeo and Juliet fall in love so instantly the audience will be unsure whether their love is true. It is not actually obvious whether it is true or not, but the ending may hold some answers. When Romeo finds Juliet dead he can see no other reason why he should live and Juliet feels the same when she wakes up to find Romeo dead. They kill themselves because the other is dead, but whether this is true love or they only think it is love, is not clear. In a way this does not matter, because the love is doomed. It is better that they die at the end of the play so it leaves the audience remembering the romance and passion and not the every day things. The dramatic irony of Romeo and Juliets love sets up tension for the audience in the beginning, showing love hand in hand with death. This makes their love special in the audiences view: I take thee at thy word. Call me but love, and Ill be new baptized. Henceforth I never will be Romeo. The consequences of love in this play, play a strong part in portraying the characters feelings. One such part is when Romeo has killed Tybalt and the consequence is Romeo being banished. This only happened because Romeo and Mercutio were good friends and Romeo had to take revenge. The consequence of the star-crossed lovers results in death for Romeo and Juliet, part of the dramatic irony for the audience. The party scene is where Romeo and Juliet first meet. This scene, I believe is one of the most important, as this is where their tragic end stems from. Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. This quotation is spoken by Romeo shortly after talking with Juliet. He says that his life is his enemys debt. His enemy is the Capulet family. When he finds out she is a Capulet his love for her reveals itself; otherwise her being a Capulet would not have worried him. The party scene is the scene that the audience dread. This is because they know their love will end in tragedy and so, they do not want Romeo and Juliet to meet. Thus with a kiss I die. There rust, and let me die. Romeo and Juliets last words, expressing desperation and last resort. The audience would feel emotional at the tragic end of the two star crossed lovers but realise how strong their love was. And there they die in Italy. Revenge, love and passion are the true cause of their love. For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. The Prince rounds up the play and he emphasises how important Romeo and Juliets love was. Their love brought a new friendship between the Montagues and Capulets. Their love caused many misunderstanding, but it will always be remembered as a classic. A TRAGIC TALE OF WOE.

Australian Federation essays

Australian Federation essays When Australia was first established by white people, Governor Phillip had various powers and was able to rule in an autocratic way to keep the population under control (70% of whom were convicts). The wealthy and privileged filled the early parliaments and courts, which was an unofficial aristocracy. The citizens of the colonies were British citizens in a constitutional monarchy; a political system which is subject to the provisions of a constitution and in which a monarch has a right to be represented. Separate colonies developed into states that were united under a federal system of government after Federation in 1901. Gradually the influence of British governance declined. In the 1840s, males over 21 years old, in the Australian colony who rented or owned properties worth 200 or more were only allowed to vote. Early elections were not decided by secret ballot. Only prosperous people could afford to be parliamentarians as parliamentarians were not paid a salary. People who settled in Australia voiced their opinions about democratic ideals as they did not agree on these undemocratic practices. The working people from Britain fought for better conditions and a right to be heard. In the 1850s, countless people had gone to the goldfields in Victoria where a strong campaign began for reasonable treatment of less fortunate people. In 1854, the Eureka Stockade was an armed uprising by gold miners, and it began out of fury over a licence fee that had to be paid by them. The miners had no political representation; therefore they felt that the fee was unreasonable. The symbol for the fight for justice and equality continues to be represented by the flag that was raised during the stockade, and has been proposed as a national flag, should Australian become a republic; a country in a which the head of a state is elected. In 1856, voting by secret ballot came to Victoria and South Australia, while it came to New South Wa ...

What is Indian philosophy Is there Indian philosophy Essay

What is Indian philosophy Is there Indian philosophy - Essay Example The orthodox schools include Mimamsa, Nyaya, Sankhya, Vaiseshika. The unorthodox schools re comprised of Buddhism and Abhidharma (Dasgupta 38). Further, Indian philosophy also incorporates the sceptical and materialist philosophies of Carvaka in addition to the religious schools of Jainism. Focus will be centred on the vigorous debates over argumentative strategies and conceptual analysis by which the Indian philosophical schools presented their philosophical positions, defended themselves against attacks from other philosophical schools and in turn mounted their own attacks. By analysing Indian philosophy this way demonstrates its existence and the way vital issues of philosophy have been addressed in India. All Indian school systems of thought agreed about reincarnation and karma (Dasgupta 45). Karma is a synonym for actions. They believed that individuals will experience consequences for their evil or good actions (fruits of karma). However, when the consequences â€Å"fruits of karma† cannot be experienced in a person’s present life, then he or she must die and be born again in order to experience them. In addition, apart from Buddhism, the Indian schools of thought agreed on the presence or existence of a permanent soul (Radhakrishnan 67). The soul had to go through some kind of purification for it to exist permanently. However, the thought on this differed from one school to another. The Indian schools of thought implied that ethically, desires and passions were to be put under check while no form of life was supposed to be harmed. Materialists and atheists were very common in India. As such, the schools of thought had to respond to non-believers arguments repeatedly. The materialist system was referred to as Lokayata. This is translated to mean, â€Å"that which is found among humans or people in general†. The scepticism of Lokayata about theology, reincarnation, and karma stemmed from its epistemology

Tiger Woods sex scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tiger Woods sex scandal - Research Paper Example His career comprises of a series of records in the history of sports. The player has a record of winning 14 major titles until the end of 2009. The number of titles suggests him to be just behind Jack Nicklaus in the international golf arena. By that time the player had already accomplished a great hype which was indeed the gift of his achievements accumulated with the strength of media. As highlighted in an article published by BBC, â€Å"As the most successful black player in a traditionally white sport, Woods has been credited with boosting interest in the game worldwide, increasing TV audiences, and bringing greater wealth to the sport in prize money and sponsorship†. Source: (BBC, â€Å"Tiger Woods Profile†) Tiger Woods is an American and was born on 30th December, 1975. The boy was named ‘Eldrick Woods’ by his parents and later got the nickname ‘Tiger’ after one of his father’s Vietnamese soldier friends. And thereby he received hi s fame name as ‘Tiger Woods’. Tiger Woods received publicity for the first time on television as a ‘child golf prodigy’ when he was only two years old against Bob Hope. He also earned the fame of making 48 strikes in 9 holes at the age of three. This provided him the fame of the most promising youngster in golf. After this he became a common face in the national and international sports channels on television and a common figure in the sports news (BBC, â€Å"Tiger Woods Profile†). With all these on-going phenomena, within a short span of time, Woods achieved the fame which takes years for other players. Hence, media played a significant role to brighten up the career of Tiger Woods. On the contrary, media is often referred to be the reason of his downfall as well. The problem occurred when the focus of the media publications shifted from his career and achievements to his personal life. It was in the month of October in 2004 when Tiger Woods married Elin Nordegren by organizing a lavish marriage ceremony of almost $3 million. Again highlighted by the media this became one of the attractive news headlines during the period (CNN, â€Å"Woods Marries His Swedish Fiancee†). In the first few years, the couple was happily married until the end of 2009 when suddenly the extra-marital affairs caught the attention of the majority of the world. It was in December 2009, when a news media highlighted that Tiger Woods had multiple extra-marital affairs after his marriage to Elin Nordegren in 2004. This resulted in the separation of the couple forcing the magnificent golf player to take a personal leave from sports (Nadler, R. S., â€Å"Leading with Emotional Intelligence: Hands-On Strategies for Building Confident and Collaborative Star Performers†). The scandal has been rated to be a series of few small and big catastrophes related to the renowned player, within a span of just two week from November 27th to December 11th. To be summarized, it was on November 27th when Woods met with an accident within a short distance from his residence, which attracted a few media conversations. As a result, on November 30th, the player pulled himself from the Chevron World Challenge. He also had to pay $164 as a penalty for careless driving at the Florida Highway Patrol on December 1st (Telegraph, â€Å"

IDEA and Special Education Annotated Essay Example for Free

IDEA and Special Education Annotated Essay Bowen, S. and Rude, H. (2006). Assessment and students with disabilities: Issues and challenges with educational reform. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 25 (3), pp. 24-30. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. Bowen and Rude pointed out that the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA reflected an effort to align IDEA with NCLB. This article focuses specifically on the problem of accountability, eligibility for special education services, summary of performance, and transition services for special education students. Also included are guiding principles for selecting appropriate accommodations for assessments. Ketterlin-Geller, L. (2007). Recommendations for accommodations: Implications of (in)consistency. Remedial and Special Education, 28 (4), pp. 194-206. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. The author noted the importance of appropriate accommodations for students who have special needs. Unfortunately, student IEPs are often not aligned with the actual accommodations that are made in the classroom. This disagreement between the classroom teacher and the IEP team results in inconsistent accommodations which, according to Ketterlin-Geller, have a negative effect on student outcomes. The author outlined several possible causes for these inconsistencies. Ketterlin-Geller concluded, Regardless of the root cause for the disagreement between IEPs and teachers, the current system is placing teachers in the awkward position of enacting a set of predetermined, legally binding guidelines with the intention of providing the support needed for their students to succeed. Lynch, S. and Adams, P. (2008). Developing standards-based Individualized Education Program objectives for students with significant needs. Teaching Exceptional Children, 40 (3), pp. 36-39. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Lynch and Adams noted the apparent conflict between the expectations of NCLB and the requirements of IDEA described guidelines that may be used to help districts to develop assessments that are inline with student IEPs. This article focuses on developing assessments that address pre-symbolic levels of learning, early symbolic learning, and expanded symbolic levels of learning. National Education Association (2004). IDEA and NCLB: Intersection of Access and Outcomes. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from http://www. nea. org/specialed/images/ideanclbintersection. pdf This 47-page booklet describes the implications of NCLB for IDEA. Section One of the booklet addresses standardized assessments for students with disabilities, including acceptable accommodations under NCLB. The booklet also addresses how special education may affect Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) reports. The text includes several links to documents that may be used for policy guidance for districts that are developing policies for special education. Turnbull, H. (2005). Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization: Accountability and personal responsibility. Remedial Special Education, 26 (6), pp. 320-326. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. Turnbull noted that IDEA 2004 reflects the concept that the teacher, the school, and the federal government share in the responsibility of improving student outcomes. Turnbull argued that this scope of responsibility must also include parents and students if learning and student achievement are to take place. U. S. Congress (2002). No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Public Law 107-110. 2002. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from http://www. ed. gov/legislation/ESEA02/107-110. pdf This is the full text of NCLB. Altogether, the law is 670 pages long. The sheer volume of NCLB makes it difficult for many parents and school administrators to read through understand. References to IDEA and special education are spread throughout the bill; however, the most reference with the most significance for special education is found on page 1448-1449, in which not less than 95 percent of students, including students in special education, are required to take assessments with accommodations, guidelines, and alternative assessments provided in the same manner as those provided under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). U. S. Congress (2004). Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, Public Law 108-446. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from http://www. copyright. gov/legislation/pl108-446. pdf The full text of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA. It is interesting to note that although IDEA 2004 was passed 2 years after the enactment of NCLB, there is no reference to NCLB in IDEA 2004. IDEA 2004 does note, however, that all children with disabilities are included in all general State and districtwide assessment programs (p. 40). Provisions are also made for alternative assessments. The philosophy of NCLB is also reflected in the IDEA 2004 requirement that states and school districts shall report the number of students who required an alternative assessment and how those students performed on the assessment (p. 41). Voltz, D. and Fore, C. (2006). Urban special education in the context of standards-based reform. Remedial and Special Education, 27 (6), pp. 329-336. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. Critics of NCLB have argued that children from low-income families are more likely to have difficulty passing standardized assessments. Voltz and Fore pointed out that education does not occur in a vacuum. To be effective, education reform must be linked to broader social reform, including reforms that reduce poverty and that address the effect of poverty on student achievement. Wakeman, S. , Browder, D., Meier, I. , and McColl, A. (2007). The implications of No Child Left Behind for students with developmental disabilities. Mental Retardation Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13 (2), pp. 143-150. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. This review addresses how to develop appropriate alternative assessments for children who have developmental delays and the implications of NCLB for curriculum and instruction for these children. The authors encouraged teachers to work towards meeting challenging academic standards for their students with developmental delays and noted that there is no research indicating that functional skills must be mastered before academic learning can take place. Wakeman, et al. , also pointed out that the requirements of NCLB may make it more difficult to recruit and to retain teachers who are qualified to work with this population. Wasta, M. (2006). No Child Left Behind: The death of special education? Phi Delta Kappan, 88 (4), pp. 298-299. Retrieved October 14, 2008, from Academic Search Premier. In this editorial, Wasta argues that NCLB includes unrealistic expectations for the educational outcomes of students with disabilities. Wasta fears that NCLB may lead some schools to eliminate their special education programs altogether. Despite his concerns about NCLB, Wasta contends that special education students should not be exempt from assessments and other provisions of the law. Instead, NCLB should be modified to include realistic expectations for special education students and special education programs.

What is the Relationship Between the Formation of a Modern Chinese Iden

From September 18th, 1931, the date of undeclared Japanese invasion into Manchuria, to August 14th, 1945 marking the end of the War of Resistance, China experienced unprecedented suffering and loss in its struggle for survival. Throughout this time, social, economic, and political conditions underwent severe changes. In the eyes of the world, the Japanese committed sins beyond repentance, and half a century later, no development is evident in this respect. Yet, the War of Resistance gave rise to an invaluable aspect of Chinese culture that defines the nation today. Dr. Sun Yat Sen talked of a nation divided, four hundred million people who shared customs, habits and race, but could not advance in the face of the international world without one truly essential attribute â€Å"...in the world today what position do we occupy?... we should †¦ be advancing in the front rank with the nations of Europe and America. But the Chinese people have only family and clan solidarity; they do not have national spirit. Therefore even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in one China, in reality they are just a heap of loose sand.† (Tamura, 1998, pp.148). It was the Opium Wars, where Western technological development exposed China's military weakness and the subsequent broken treaties of 1922 and 1928, when China’s Western allies failed to intervene in Japan's invasion of Manchuria in September 1931 (Lin, 1936, pp.368) that forced the issue of â€Å"nationalism† on China during latter half of the 19th century. In the decades following the humiliation suffered at the hands of the ‘barbarians’ during the Opium wars, influential and progressive thinkers such as Feng Guifen and Zou Rong, among others, threw themselves passionately into th... ... the history of modern China. Historical Journal, pp.523--543. Spence, J. (2013). The search for modern China. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, pp.137-387. Spitzer, K. (2012). Why Japan is still not sorry enough. [online] Available at: http://nation.time.com/2012/12/11/why-japan-is-still-not-sorry-enough/ [Accessed 1 May. 2014]. Tamura, E. (1998). China - understanding its past. 1st ed. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai'i Press. Taylor, J. (2009). The generalissimo. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. The Economist, (2013). The Legacy of the Sino-Japanese War- An Interview with Rana Mitter. [video] Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21579797-how-struggle-against-japans-brutal-occupation-shaped-modern-china-start-history [Accessed 30 Apr. 2014]. Yeh, W. (2000). Becoming Chinese. 1st ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Prejudice and Discrimination Essay

Prejudice as defined by John E Farley is â€Å"that prejudice refers to a positive or a negative attitude or belief directed toward certain people based on their membership in a particular group. The root word of prejudice is pre-judge. It is a set of attitudes which causes, supports, or justifies discrimination†. (Farley, 2000, p18). There are three components of prejudice which describe the different elements associated with it. Affectual one’s inner feeling which can be the result of incitement and are in accordance with people’s likes and dislikes. Behavioural the way people action their belief systems causing them to behave in a certain way. Cognitive the preconceived beliefs or expectations and involves stereotyping which usually are negative. Discrimination can be defined as the making of, a for or against action towards a person based on group, class, or a category to which they belong, rather than judge a person on their merit . This is the external representation of internal prejudice. Baron and Byrne (1997) defined discrimination as â€Å"negative behaviours directed towards people who are the object of prejudice†. Allport (1954) suggests that there are five stages of discrimination. Anti-locution would include incitement by speech for example racially motivated or sectarian jokes. Avoidance where failing to include people without considering their capabilities means people in minority groups are continuously avoided by the individuals of the majority group. Although no harm is meant, harm is still done through isolation. Discrimination comprises of a denying opportunities to a minority group or person with the intent of deliberately preventing them from receiving services or goals such as education and employment. Physical Attack involves the deliberate vandalising of or violent attacks on individuals and their property. Extermination is ethnic cleansing in an attempt to annihilate an entire race of peoples. (Allport, 1954, p71) It is difficult to distinguish the differences in the relationship between prejudice and discrimination. Our emotions and evaluations of others essentially reflects our prejudices, whereas rejection and concerns of acceptance describe our discriminations. Therefore someone who shows discrimination may not be prejudice. (Wagstaff, 2005, p1). Prejudice is a person or group attitude which may or may not develop into discrimination. It is an attitude as opposed to an action. Discrimination is not always the result of prejudice. There are cases where prejudice is not needed for discrimination whilst the law prevents prejudice from becoming discrimination now; this was not always the case. In some cases the law makes people discriminate, whether they feel prejudice or not. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p272). An example of this was LaPierre’s study which examined willingness to display prejudice and discrimination to a Chinese couple at a time of anti-oriental sentiment. He travelled across America with the couple, in total they visited over 250 establishments and were refused service only once. After returning home LaPierre sent letters to all the establishments visited asking if they would serve members of the Chinese race 91% replied no they would not. Critics have also stated that the letters may have gone to the managers or owners of the establishments who may have been prejudiced themselves while staff were not. Furthermore they may also have thought they were reflecting the wishes of their guests. Another reason they may have been served is because LaPierre accompanied them. The couple spoke excellent English, they were well presented and courteous this could all help towards being accepted as guests. There are many flaws in this study but it does show there are differences between prejudice and discrimination. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p272). A school teacher Elliot (1977) conducted an experiment in order to help understand the effects of prejudice and discrimination. The first day the class of nine year olds were told children with blue eyes were superior to the children with brown eyes. The brown eyed children were to be kept in their place by the blue eyed children and restrictions placed upon them such as standing last in line. The brown eyed children’s behaviour changed they did not do as well in school work and became depressed and angry, the blue eyed students became mean made derogatory statements and oppressed the other children. The following day the teacher told them she had made a mistake it was the brown eyed children who were superior. When reversed there were the same outcomes. Elliot (1977) said â€Å"I watched what had been marvellous, cooperative, wonderful, thoughtful children turn into nasty, vicious, discriminating little third-graders in a space of fifteen minutes. † (Positiveschools,n. d. ) Even though follow up of these children suggested they were more tolerant of differences between groups and actively opposed discrimination. (positiveschools, n. d. ). However critics argue the study lacked validity as it was not scientific and she had not put in place adequate protection for the children. Authoritarian personality, realistic group conflict and social identity are three theories that are considered to be the foundations of prejudice and discrimination. According to Adorno et al. (1950) â€Å"Authoritarian personality theory is based primarily on psychoanalytic principles, and proposes that prejudices most likely to arise in families that try to enforce conventional values through harsh discipline† (Wagstaff, 2005, p3). According to this theory, because of guilt and fear of punishment, children reared in such environments cannot register their frustration and aggression towards the legitimate target their parents. Growing up with no freedom of choice builds up frustration that leads to the authoritarian person looking for someone that is weaker who they can take out their frustrations on them in the form of prejudice or discrimination. This is referred to as ‘displaced aggression’. They are unable to say what they feel to the parents. Adorno created the f-scale as a way of measuring the prejudice of the authoritarian person. Various questionnaires which measured a person’s attitudes of the authoritarian personality. The numbers were high but the questions were written in a manner that would have people answer even if it is not what they think ‘yes-people’ an example question was â€Å"Do you think your employers should hire Negros? † (Allport, 1954, p76). The sample Adorno used was biased as there was not a broad enough range of people in it, it was mainly 2000 middle classes no Jewish white Americans. All ages and classes should be represented and in a larger sample. The right wing authoritarianism scale has now replaced the f scale and asks questions such as â€Å"Is it easy to understand the anger of black people in America? † (McConahay, 1986, p125). One person’s personality cannot explain how whole societies become prejudice. This theory does not explain for example how large groups such as Nazi Germany and other countries where mass genocide has taken place all became prejudice. Billing (1976) states that if prejudice it a personality characteristic then some people would be more prejudice than others. Also Altemeyer (1988) produced evidence that authoritarianism stems from adolescence rather than childhood, adolescents who imitated the parents authoritarian personalities got rewarded for it. He also found that social attitudes more than personality attitudes contributed to authoritarian personality. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p274). Pettigrew (1959) believes it is conformity to the group norm that is responsible for mass prejudice rather than a type of personality. Altemeyer (1988) found social changes produced more increases in authoritarian scores. Pettigrew (1958) carried out a comparison of four southern state towns, evidence supported white southerners were more prejudiced against African Americans than white northerners. Was this because there are a larger number of authoritarian personalities or a difference in cultural norms? He argued that prejudice can be depicted through cultural norms than on personality. He found that northern conformists were less prejudiced than southern conformist; his findings were based on the personality questionnaire. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p275). Levels of authoritarianism were found to be the same in South Africa as America, yet South Africa had a lot more prejudice because of cultural and political factors. (Gross, 2012, p49). Realistic group conflict theory states conflict arises between groups as a result of struggles that occur when two groups are in competition with one another; for limited resources or want to achieve the same goals. Muzafer Sherif et al (1961) devised an experiment to study the relationships between competition and prejudice. There were twenty two middle class eleven to twelve year old boys based at Robber’s Cave State Park summer camp. They were assigned into two groups. Activities were assigned to each group to develop a sense of belonging. At the end of the first week the two groups were introduced. They immediately showed signs of territoriality and fighting in sued. Tournaments with prizes were then engineered between the groups. At the end of the week the boys rated themselves in their own group as superior and even boys in the group who had been previously rated low were elevated. The other group were considered to be cheats and cowards. Attempts were then made to reduce the conflict in which the groups had to work together. A consequence for pursuing these goals was that the groups became friendlier towards one another. Sherrif et.al’s study showed that the boys acted differently towards one another depending on the situation they were in. When in competition they felt dislike, hatred and when placed in a setting with common goals friendships were forged. It would be interesting to see the results of the study had it been all girls, this was not a fair study as it was not a representative of all groups in society therefore it is a bias sample. The surroundings of the study were not consistent with every day. This experiment shows how competition for different resources can generate prejudice and that competition can degenerate into hostility and conflict. Tyerman & Spencer (1983) contradicted Tajfel’s theory; they observed a group of English boy scouts who knew each other before camp. They were divided into four groups and placed into similar competition as in the robbers cave. The boys reactions to this did not change they remained friendly and in group solidarity did not increase. This suggests competition is not sufficient alone for inter group conflict. (Gross, 2012, p391-392). This theory gives a more practical, offering a more social point of view to prejudice. Where this theory does make more sense there are some issues with it. For example not all groups that compete with each other result in prejudice and discrimination. Tajfel et al. (1971) discovered that in a number of experiments it was not necessary for competition to be present between groups for there to be prejudice. They discovered just being a member of the in group as opposed to what they considered to be the out group was enough to produce prejudice. Locksley et al (1980) went further than Tajfel by informing the participants they were being randomly assigned by a coin toss, meaningless names given and even with these conditions there was a strong in group preference. According to Brown (1988) dozens of studies throughout the world with a range of participants from all ages and both sexes, concluded that merely allotting people into groups leads to judgements and behaviours being biased and discriminative. It was this discovery that led to the basis for social identity theory. Fiske (2004) believes this theory describes prejudice and discrimination more palpably. Realistic group conflict theory does help explain increases in prejudice in war torn countries. Social identity theory states that discrimination and prejudice are only possible if people are categorised into groups so that they identify and develop a sense of belonging. Given that our self-image is important to us, we strive for this to be positive. Social image comes from social identity. Therefore people view the groups to which they belong as positive. They make comparisons between their group and others and believe their group to be superior to the others, leading to discrimination in favour of their own group and have a negative view of other groups. The assumption is therefore that Prejudice and discrimination result from group identification and the need for a positive image. Tajfel believed mankind are motivated to make sense of the world around them, he thought this was done through a process of categorisation, assimilation and coherence but these processes do not explain prejudice, he later rose to more points that much of personal identity comes from social groups and that we strive for self-esteem. In Tajfel’s study a group of strangers who had no contact with each other were randomly split into two groups. In one experiment participants were asked to give out money, they favoured their own group even if it meant losing money; participants identified with ‘their group’ and had a clear bias with the other group. Social identity theory states prejudice is inevitable. (Haralambos & Rice, 2002, p277). Another experiment Tajfel performed was to show boys a painting by Klee and Kandinsky and asked which they preferred. The boys were given money to dispense, the boys gave the money to the fans of the picture that they preferred, this showed immense loyalty to their in group, even though they did not know one another. (Fiske, 2008, p15) Social identity theory explains a person’s need for a positive identity does involve stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice, this leads to an in group situation where the in group are seen as positive and is the reverse for the negative and its out groups. Though on a larger scale this theory does not explain extreme forms of prejudice, relationships between groups are not just about being seen positively but they can be for reasons such as a power, money and scarce resources, these can lead to prejudice and discrimination. In Pakistan we are lead to believe the Taliban are representing its people and they are fighting for their freedom. That westerners are there to help the people. Yet when eleven year old Malala Yousafzai spoke out and wrote a blog for the B. B. C. it resulted in her being shot in the head. â€Å"Malala does not want to play to some western-backed or Taliban-loved stereotype. She shows us all there are voices out there that need to be heard, if only to help the country find democracy that is for and from the people, all the people. †(BBCNews,2012,p1). This cannot be put down to social identity theory. This theory is able to explain stereotypes prejudice and discrimination and all are seen as a need in the individual for a positive identity. Preferences lead to the positive in group stereotype and therefore will lead to prejudice and discrimination which will favour the in group but will be the opposite for the out group there by producing negative discrimination towards the out group. Social identity theory does not explain extreme forms of prejudice Brown and Lunt (2002) state how a theory based on attitudes, such as in-group favouritism can, explain the systematic slaughter of millions in Nazi death camps? This theory concentrates on two groups the in group and the out group with two groups it is easy to create a them and us situation but what happens when a third or fourth group is introduced there will not be the same polarisation and therefore the same bias will not be created. Conclusion Some researchers believe prejudice is caused by a fear of strangers or change, while others see it as a type of chauvinism regarding issues such as nationalism or religion. However there is general agreement that prejudice is learned. It is safe to say that no one theory can explain all areas of prejudice and discrimination. However they all contribute to giving us some understanding as to how prejudice and discrimination become part of our society. Fiske (2008) is working on a theory which suggests we are born prejudiced. She has been observing brain activity using M. R. I scanners, studying the amygdala region which is the fear response of the brain. This is triggered when we judge people or events we deem threatening Fiske’s findings suggest are conscious try getting the sub conscious to stop unwanted prejudices. (Fiske, 2008, p16).

Essay on Psychology The Study of the Mind and Behavior

Psychology Concepts: Psychology is a term derived from two Greek words that translate to life explanation, which makes it an important element of daily life. The field of psychology can be described as a discipline that focuses on the study of mind and behavior. This discipline is characterized by several concepts and approaches that are used by psychologists in understanding human behavior. Since psychology is a broad field, psychologists not only use these concepts and approaches but also conduct scientific research that enables them to understand human behavior. Some of the most common psychological concepts that are used to modify or change an individual’s behavior include operant conditioning, positive and negative punishment,†¦show more content†¦An example of the use of this method is when my friend was recently grounded by his parents for misbehaving in school. While positive punishment helps in modifying behavior, it may cause an individual to be embarr assed and contribute to other negative behavior, which is a major ethical concern. On the contrary, negative punishment is a method that also contributes to weakening a behavior though it lessens or eliminates something pleasant. It involves taking away something desirable or good from an individual in order to discourage him/her from engaging in a particular behavior. For instance, one of my classmate’s phone rang in class despite being told by teachers not to bring our phones to class. Consequently, the teacher took away the phone from my classmate in order to discourage that behavior. The ethical concern that may emerge from using negative punishment is that it does not teach the victim of undesired behavior how to change his/her behavior. Positive reinforcement involves strengthening or fostering desired behavior through the addition or increase of a pleasant incentive. Positive reinforcement tends to be a more effective means of behavior modification that the two ty pes of punishment. The addition or increase of incentive when using positive reinforcement is geared towards encouraging the occurrence of the behavior in the future. For instance, positive reinforcement is used by anShow MoreRelatedPsychology Is The Study Of The Mind And Behavior1769 Words   |  8 PagesIn simple definition, psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a very recently made science, and it includes many sub-fields. The newly-made science evolved out of biology and philosophy can be traced far back to early Greek whose thinkers include Aristotle and Socrates. The science is unique because it studies something abstract and can’t be seen physically perceived such as thoughts, memory, cognition, and emotions. 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